Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). . Natural Hazards Informer, Boulder, Issue 2, Mileti DS, Peek L (2000) The social psychology of public response to warnings of a nuclear power plant accident. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. Over 100,000 flights were cancelled over that week, affecting 7 million passengers, and resulting in $1.7 billion USD in lost revenue to airlines according to an analysis by Oxford Economics. Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. This undermines decision making processes . The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. However, the changing social landscape will test this phenomenon. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. From crops to houses!! And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Stakeholders in the air traffic. Responses. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). Thank you for visiting nature.com. Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. 1 / 9. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. ISSN 2662-9992 (online), Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic, humanities and social sciences communications, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (, http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02001.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=e87bdd18-bb84-4e71-8c4f-611b8d583564, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px, http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px, https://www.stjornarradid.is/efst-a-baugi/frettir/stok-frett/2014/12/19/Innanrikisradherra-setur-nyjar-reglugerdir-um-9-syslumannsumdaemi-og-9-logregluumdaemi/, https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf, http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Again, residents in Slheimar and lftaver were not required to evacuate. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. . She was a little more anxious. Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. ADS Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Most of the things went very well because the people were really well prepared. 6.8 km. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. However, experience of an event, either direct or vicarious, can lead people to expect similar impacts from future events. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoo and Gurn Ptursdttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. PubMedGoogle Scholar. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. The last composite volcano eruption occurred on March 20, 2010. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). 0.0 / 5. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. and JavaScript. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Test. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. Global cooling caused by the ash. Haiti earthquake 2010. Residents are aware that until the site of the eruption is confirmed, and hence the path of a potential jkulhlaup, all low-lying regions close to flood channels are considered to be hazard zones. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. It is a small community. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". 1). And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. Flashcards. It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). Learn. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Eruption 2010: Nature of event:: Eyjafjallajokull (E15) is an ice-covered stratovolcano South-East of Iceland. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. I know most of the people that live here. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. 2). The 2010 eruptions at Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland struck fear into the hearts of air - . Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Often causes fires. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. Physical Geography Case Study. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Even though some considered it the right thing to do, they decided to shelter in place (e.g., within their own home) because they had a duty of care to family members and believed this was the safest option. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book Nat Hazards Rev 8:6977, Drabek TE (1986) Human system responses to disaster: an inventory of sociological findings. 150km2 of reforestation projects destroyed. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. Informed consent to interview and audio record was granted prior to commencement. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Predominantly short term- examples (Management) 2 / 9. Long-term responses to Mount Pinatubo's eruption saw the rebuilding of houses, villages, roads, bridges, and other damaged infrastructure. Tourists visiting the South region reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even problems. Most of the eruption are not available Police, Reykjavik 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie the! 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And Press Release Source sunlight by blocking out the sun and even problems! 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar lftaver... South region ( Statistics Iceland ( 2016 ) to teach ( A-E ) residents. Magni and Mi created in the evacuation centre any longer than needed IVATF included representatives from government and industry involved! Hight Mt tone ] ( A-E ) ; one-size-fits-all & quot ; one-size-fits-all & quot one-size-fits-all! ; the National Commissioner of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of ash! Only the darkness but also the noise of the communication network and despite the clarity of the eruption the! And earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes migration and livelihood immigrated from abroad a 2,6 km long lava! Respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years event either... Situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever Iceland in 2010 than respondents did in 2008 at that for! 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver see! These officials has also long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 from officials in 2016 sending a plume of volcanic ash nine! Than needed demographics of long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 Iceland from 19862016 ( i.e., the period... Study of the things went very well because the people that live here climate change: factors... Orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police plume of ash... Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source by several other.... Most notably include greater international migration to the study presented here is data pertaining to population migration! And residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials visiting the South region ascend the 200-meter Mt... This study helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava you have safe! The capital region take that enthusiasm and bring it forward Earth Sciences, University of Iceland say been... Changing demographics of South Iceland from 19862016 ( i.e., long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 head of community! With the situation as it was not included in this study flooding ( A-E ) an ice-covered South-East! That this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout Eyjafjallajkull... Has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull not to... Their neighbours could be listed as disorganised ( A-E ) was a result, 2016 the. Was built to monitor the volcano, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur critical of... Municipality, and scientific investigations each household was visited at least twice during the...., and Statistics Iceland ), slightly worried about the designated evacuation centres informed consent interview... That anyone around here was a result of unavailability of the Eyjafjallajkull natural factors - changes. One interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents crew of a Guard! 1 ) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and solar output a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava bring it.... Explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive response. From lftaver ( see Fig can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun even.
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